Assessment of Serum Albumin Levels in Pregnant Hypertensive Women At a Tertiary Care Teaching Centre

Introduction: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are one ofthe leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity andmortality across the world. Hypoalbuminemia is not uncommonin women with the disease state whereas macroalbumiuria is apredictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the population.Hence; the present study was undertaken for assessmentserum albumin levels in pregnant hypertensive women.Materials & Methods: A total of 40 pregnant subjects wereanalysed. Among 40 subjects, 20 were hypertensive while theremaining 20 were non-hypertensive. Complete demographicdetails of all the patients were obtained. Blood samples wereobtained from all the patients and serum albumin levels wereassessed using autoanalyzer.Results: Mean age of the patients of the hypertensive andnon-hypertensive group was 59.6 years and 63.2 yearsrespectively. Mean serum albumin levels among the patients ofhypertensive and non-hypertensive group was 3.39 gm/dL and3.68 gm/dL respectively. Significant results were obtainedwhile comparing the mean serum albumin levels among thetwo study groups.Conclusion: Hypertensive pregnant subjects are accompaniedby significant alterations in serum albumin levels.

The Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Growth Curve Traits in Sirohi Goat Using Brody Function

The objectives of this study were to investigate growth patterns of Sirohi goat applying the Brody function and estimated the parameters of growth curve including genetic evaluation of growth curve traits. The data used in this study, collected in All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on goat improvement, Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, India from year 2009 to 2017 and were included 340 male and 715 female kids body weight measured at birth to 12th month of age in every three months interval. Least-squares means for growth curve parameters of A (Asymptotic weight), B (folding point of growth) and K (maturity rate) were 26.18±3.11 (kg), 0.88±0.00 (kg) and 0.16±0.00 (days), respectively. Fixed effects (cluster, year and season of birth, sex, and type of birth) were significantly influenced the parameters of growth curve. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.02±0.01 (“K”) to 0.40±0.05 (“A”). The genetic correlation between A-K and B-K was negative, which might be due to the compensatory growth effect

Study Of Prevalence Of Hypothyroidism In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Of Lucknow And Surrounding Areas

Diabetes mellitus and thyroid hormone dysfunction are two common endocrinopathies seen in adult population. Insulin and thyroid hormones are intimately involved in cellular metabolism, so excess or deficit of any of them can derange the function of another. To see the prevalence of hypothyroidism in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Atotal of 235 patients with diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus of either sex, aged >20 years were included in the study. Analysis of serum TSH by ELISAwas done in all patients of the study. Atotal of 235(107 males and 128 females) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients were included in the study. Hypothyroidism was seen in 48(20.4%) patients. Hyperthyroidism was seen in 17(7.2%) patients. Euthyroid patients were 170(72.3%). Out of 128 females 27(11.4%) had hypothyroidism whereas out of 107 males 21(8.9%) had hypothyroidism. We conclude that prevalence of hypothyroidism was 20.4% and seen more in female Type 2 Diabetic patients as compared with male patients

Status Of Tnf-α And Insulin In Obese And Diabetic Obese Subjects Of Western Lucknow

Obesity has become a matter of quality to health care administrators. The busy lifestyle of people made them prefer fast food instead of taking healthy food. But the people are not aware that fast food habit converts to the disease like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipoproteinemia etc. This case control study had been carried out in department of Physiology in collaboration of Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow to explore status blood sugar fasting (BSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), Insulin by standard spectrophotopmetric kit methods, blood pressure (BP) as well as anthropometric measurements with the help of suitable instruments and equipments in Control group, Obese group and Obese with type 2 diabetic group. Values of all above parameters were found increased in obese group with respect to control group and values of all these parameters were found increase in obese with type 2 Diabetes mellitus group with respect to obese group. Thus it is clear that obesity is risk factor for T2DM, Dyslipoproteinemia and coronary artery disease (CAD).

The Prevelence Of Obesity And Overweight Amongst Students And Staff Of Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital Lucknow

This study had designed, to explore prevalence of obesity and overweight, on two criteria, Indian and World Health Organization (W.H.O.), amongst students and staff of Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow and Era Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Lucknow. As well as, assessment of association of oxidative stress with obesity. MBBS, Nursing and DMLT students as well as Hospital Laboratory Services (HLS) staff had included in this study. Study had carried out in Department of Biochemistry with collaboration of Department of Physiology and HLS. Results of this study had showed that, prevalence of obesity and overweight were high in staff with respect to students. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were decreased in obese with respect to normal; on the other hand Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased in obese with respect to normal.

A Review On Reactive Oxygen And Nitrogen Species

Generally Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) consist of free radicals and hasty species in these two groups and breakdown yield of lipids proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Free radicals (FR) contain one or more unpaired electrons and could be positively or negatively charged or neutral in nature. Superoxide anion (O-.2), free hydroxyl radical (OH.-) and nitric oxide (NO·) are important free radicals in human body and produce numerous additional free radicals mostly from unsaturated fatty acids. Physiologically they can be defined as overactive disjointed atoms or molecules which are capable of upsetting and fragmenting other molecules. Free hydroxyl is the mainly reactive neutral free radical with half life of about 10-9 second. It is capable of insulting fragmenting and mutating any cellular molecule with forceful passion. Superoxide anion (O-.2) in human body arises from metabolic reactions, irradiation and leakage from electron transport chain. Superoxide is often referred as primary ROS as most of other ROS and RNS arise from it and are therefore termed as secondary ROS and RNS. These free radicals are produced in cellular membrane mitochondria, nucleus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm. Redox-sensitive proteins with important cellular functions are confined to signalling microdomains in cardiovascular cells and are not readily available for quantification. A popular approach is the measurement of stable by-products modified under conditions of oxidative strain that have entered the circulation. However, these may not accurately reflect redox stress at the cell/tissue height. Many of these modifications are “functionally silent”. Functional importance of the oxidative modifications enhances their validity as a proposed biological marker of cardiovascular disease, and is the strength of the redox cysteine modifications such as glutathionylation. We assess selected biomarkers of oxidative stress that show promise in cardiovascular medicine, as well as new methodologies for high-throughput measurement in research and clinical settings. Although associated with disease severity, supplementary studies are necessary to examine the usefulness of the most promise oxidative biomarkers to forecast prognosis or rejoinder to treatment.

A Review On Antioxidants And Oxidative Stress In Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Strikingly the developments in both therapeutic and nutritional circuits have punctuated with some success and some spectacular failures in treating Type- 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2-DM). It is advocated that antioxidants should be given only if pre-existing deficiency is present. Selection of antioxidant is another important aspect. Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2-DM) is measured to be one of the most frequent chronic diseases global. There is a increasing scientific and public awareness in connecting oxidative stress with a variety of pathological conditions including Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T-2DM), cardio vascular diseases (CVD), coronary artery diseases with Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (CADT2-DM) as well as other human diseases. Pre- existing experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of complications in T2-DM. Conversely, the exact mechanism by which oxidative stress could contribute to and accelerate the development of complications in T2-DM is only to some extent known and remains to be clarified. On the one hand, hyperglycemia induces free radicals; on the other hand, it impairs the endogenous antioxidant defense system in patients with diabetes. Endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms include both enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. Common antioxidants include the vitamins A, C, and E, glutathione (GSH), and the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GRx). This review describes role of oxidative stress in micro and macro vascular complications of T2-DM. Lastly but most importantly the impact of OS is not obligatory but facultative. As such only those diabetic patients will be benefited by antioxidant therapies that have impelling punch of pro-oxidants.

Effects Of Natural Products On Body Weight And Biochemical Parameters In Healthy Rats

The present study was undertaken to evaluate effect of natural products i.e. Anthocephalus indicus; KADAM, roots, Hibiscus rosa sinensis roots, Tinospora cordifolia stem and Cassia tora seeds in normal healthy rats. In this study ethanol extract of above mentioned medicinal plants had macerated with aqueous gum acacia (2%, w/v) suspension and fed orally (500 mg/kg bw p.o.) to male adult healthy normal rats of Charles Foster strain for 30 days. Results of this study showing that alcoholic extracts caused no any signicant reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, free fatty acid, lipid peroxide and no signicant increased in post heparin lipolytic activity, but on the other hand as per pre-existing data and my published studies in diabetic patients and diabetic experimental animals showed that extracts exerting all above effects signicantly. That's why it is very clear here if healthy person will take natural products, it never cause hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia and under weight. Natural products also not cause any signicant change on hepato-specic parameters. Thus from this study we conclude that, natural products are safe, non toxic and free from side effects, in comparison to synthetic drugs.

Experimental Validation Of Anti-Diabetic And Antioxidant Potential Of T. Cordifolia Stems (M.): An Indigenous Medicinal Plant

This case control study had been carried out to evaluate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia; family: Menispermaceae) against streptozotocin induced diabetes in experimental rats to scientifically validate its use against diabetes. Ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia stem extract and standard drug (glibenclamide) macerated with aqueous gum acacia (2%, w/v) suspension and fed orally to streptozotocin induced male adult diabetic rats of Charles Foster strain for 30 days. Biochemical parameters in normal, diabetic control, standard (600µg/kg bw p.o.) and treated (500 mg/kg bw p.o.) animals group were determined and compared. Treatment of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats with ethanolic extract caused significant (p<0.001) reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, free fatty acid, lipid peroxide and significant increased (p<0.001) post heparin lipolytic activity. Furthermore, the stem extract (100-400 µg) when tested for its antioxidant activity in vitro, shown significant (p<0.001) inhibit the generation of super oxide anions in enzymic system a, in enzymic system b, non enzymic system and hydroxyl radicals in enzymic system and non-enzymic system. The results of the present study demonstrated antidiabetic antidyslipidemic and anti oxidant activities of T. cordifolia stem extract which could help in prevention of diabetic- dyslipidemia and related complications.

A Review On Etiopathogenesis Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a hyperglycemic syndrome with several characteristic features. It continues to rise unabatedly in all pockets of the world, parallels with affluence and can be controlled but not cured. It has a definite involvement of genetic component but environmental factors play overwhelmingly dominant role in etiopathogenesis. Insulin resistance (IR) and obesity are singular instigators of T2DM. Hyperglycemia induces OS through multiple routes : a)stimulated polyol pathway where in ≤ 30% glucose can be diverted to sorbitol and fructose, b)increased transcription of genes for proinflammatory cytokines and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) c) activation of protein kinase-C (PKC) leading to several molecular changes d)increased synthesis of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) e)changes in a receptor far AGEs and f) autooxidation of glucose with formation of ketoimines and AGEs. All these processes are accompanied with alteration in redox status, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Oxidative Stress (OS) which trigger T2DM and its complications. Initial hurriedly planned and executed experimental and clinical studies showed promising results of antioxidant therapies, but recent studies indicate that excess intake/ supplement may have adverse outcomes including increased mortality. It is advocated that antioxidants should be given only if preexisting deficiency is present. Selection of antioxidant is another important aspect. Lastly but most importantly the impact of OS is not obligatory but facultative. As such only those diabetic patients will be benefited by antioxidant therapies that have impelling punch of prooxidants.

Medicinal Properties Of Anthocephalus Indicus (KADAM): An Indigenous Medicinal Plant

Anthocephalus indicus or A. indicus (family Rubiaceae; Hindi name KADAMBA or KADAM) is one of such ayurvedic remedy that has been mentioned in many Indian medicinal literatures. This article discusses about the medicinal principles of Anthocephalus indicus. In this communication, we reviewed the phytochemistry of Anthocephalus cadamba and its application in the cure of various ailments like diabetes mellitus, diarrhoea, fever, inflammation, haemoptysis, cough, vomiting, wounds, ulcers, debility and antimicrobial activity. The major constituents of the plant are triterpenes, triterpenoid glycosides, flavanoids, saponins, indole alkaloids; cadambine, cadamine, isocadambine, isodihydrocadambine. This review discusses the investigations made by various workers related to chemical constituents, pharmacological action and toxicological studies of this plant since years till date.

Hypolipidemic Activity Of Cassia Tora Seeds In Hyperlipidemic Rats

The hypolipidemic activity of Cassia tora (Chakvat, Chakunda) (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) seeds extract has been studied in two hyperlipidemic models of rat. These are triton injected and cholesterol rich HFD fed model of hyperlipidemia. In triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia, feeding with root extract (500 mg/ kg body wt/ day p.o. ) exerted lipid lowering effect as assessed by reversal of plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids (PL), triglyceride (TG) and reactivation of Post Heparin Lipolytic Activity (PHLA) of plasma. The other model was fed with cholesterol rich HFD and seeds extract of Cassia tora (500 mg/ kg body wt/ day p.o.) simultaneously for 30 days. This also caused lowering of lipid levels in plasma and liver homogenate and reactivation of plasma post heparin lipolytic activity, hepatic total lipoprotein lipase activity. The hypolipidemic activity of Cassia tora seeds was compared with a standard drug guggulipid (200 mg/ kg body wt/ day p.o.), a known lipid lowering drug in both models.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of Anthocephalus indicus (Kadam) root extract.

The present study was carried out to explore the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipoproteinemic and anti-oxidant activities of Anthocephalus indicus root extract in alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg body wt.) diabetic rats. A marked increase in plasma levels of glucose and lipid peroxides accompanied with an elevation in the lipids and apoprotein levels of serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) following decrease in lipid and protein constituents of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed. The alterations in lipoprotein pattern was associated with inhibition of lipolytic and antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of root extract (500 mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days in dyslipidemic animals resulted in significant decrease in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride and lipid peroxides. The decrease of lipids and apoprotein levels of VLDL and LDL were followed by stimulation of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase as well as hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Lipid and apoprotein levels of HDL were also recovered partially on treatment with root extract.

Hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis root in rats.

The hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (family Malvaceae) root extract was studied on triton and cholesterol-rich high fat diet (HFD) induced models of hyperlipidemia in rats. In triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia, feeding with root extract (500 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.) exerted lipid-lowering effect, as assessed by reversal of plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) and reactivation of post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) of plasma. The other model was fed with cholesterol-rich HFD and root extract (500 mg/kg body wt/ day p.o.) simultaneously for 30 days. This also caused lowering of lipid levels in plasma and liver homogenate and reactivation of plasma PHLA and hepatic total lipoprotein lipase activity. The hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis root was compared with a standard drug guggulipid (200 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.), a known lipid- lowering agent in both models. Histopathological findings in rat liver supported the protective role of H. rosa sinensis root extract in preventing cholesterol-rich HFD-induced hepatic steatosis.